从主观要件中对“明知”的认定问题的探讨/郭山珉

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-06 04:10:12   浏览:9733   来源:法律资料网
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从主观要件中对“明知”的认定问题的探讨

郭山珉

主观罪过是犯罪构成的必要要件,它是行为人承担刑事责任的主观基础和内在根据,而探讨研究犯罪的主观罪过中的“明知”问题,则对于我们确定犯罪行为的性质,衡量犯罪人的主观恶性,从而对于解决犯罪人的刑事定性、责任具有重要的意义。
我国刑法第14条规定:“明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果,并且希望或者放任这种结果发生,因而构成犯罪的,是故意犯罪。”而犯罪故意,则是明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果,并且希望或者放任这种结果发生的一种心理态度,没有犯罪故意就不能成立故意犯罪,二者是密切联系的。以往的教科书和学说界对何为故意犯罪,未持有异议,这是因为我国刑法14条对此已作了规定解释,下了定义,但对社会危害性的认识是否应包括在明知内容之中?这在刑法理论上争议颇多,笔者就此谈点个人观点,供商榷。
根据辨证唯物主义的一般原理,人的心理状态,主要是由他的意识活动和意志活动组成。而人的意识和意志,是高度组织了的物质即人脑的产物。这就是说,人的心理活动作为一种精神现象是从物质世界产生并依赖于物质世界,因此,人们的感觉、意识、观念、概念以及整个思想活动,作为一种心理事实,是客观世界的反映。
意识因素是指人们在进行社会活动时,对客观世界的认识活动,人们的行为活动只有在认识活动的基础上,才会有明确的指向对象,才能有确定的行动方向,才能实现理想的目的。因此,意识因素是主观罪过的首要内容,主观罪过的成立与否首先取决于意识因素的有无。
意志因素是指人们在进行社会活动时,对即将要实施或正在实施的行为具有支配和控制的心理活动。在主观罪过的心理活动中意志因素是在意识因素基础上形成并直接决定着行为的发展方向和行为的价值取向。所以,在主观罪过中,意志因素是最终决定主观罪过性质的内在依据。
犯罪故意也是由两个因素构成:一是认识因素,即行为人明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果;二是意志因素,即行为人希望或放任危害结果的发生。犯罪故意是以认识因素为基础的,意志因素不过是在认识因素基础上形成的决定行为实施的内在力量。具体而言,犯罪故意具有以下特征:
(一)、在认识因素上,必须“明知”自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果。“明知”是犯罪故意认识因素的前提和标志,表明行为人在决意实施某种行为之前,已经明确地意识到了自己实施这种行为将对社会利益构成的危害。就认识的内容而言,刑法理论上存在着几种不同的观点,一种观点认为,作为犯罪故意认识因素的“明知”,主要是指行为人对自己行为所具有的危害社会性的认识,只要行为人明知自己的行为具有一定的社会危害性,行为人的认识因素就已经符合犯罪故意中“明知”的要求;另一种观点认为,违法性是犯罪社会危害性在法律上的表现,对犯罪社会危害性及其程度的认识应当以对违法性的认识为客观参照标准,主张以“违法性的认识”去替代“社会危害性认识”;第三种观点认为对社会危害性的认识不是“明知”的必要内容。笔者同意第三种观点,我们认为,对犯罪的社会危害性的认识不是故意犯罪明知的必要内容,不但是由决定犯罪的社会危害性(不是一般的社会危害性)的依据和标准的这一不属于明知的内容的刑事违法性所决定的,而且也是由犯罪的社会危害性这一具有相对独立的行为的客观属性所决定的,它没有必要被纳入到故意犯罪行为人的认识内容中而作为犯罪故意成立的基础。其理由是:第一,犯罪的社会危害性具有客观的属性,因此对它进行的评价标准也同样是客观的,它并不会以行为人有无认识、如何认识而随意发生变化。行为人主观上没有认识到自己行为具有的社会危害性,并不能改变行为本身所具有的社会危害性这一客观属性,也不影响我们评价社会危害性有无的客观标准。第二,将对社会危害性的认识纳入犯罪故意明知的范围,无助于对犯罪故意的正确认定。如果行为人认识到自己的行为具有社会危害性,但行为实际上不具有刑事违法性,依然不能成立(故意)犯罪。第三,在社会现实中,认识错误的现象是大量存在的。如有的行为人对他人实施“安乐死”,自以为是解除患病者的痛苦,因二不存在社会危害性。但法律却不会因此而否认其犯罪故意的存在。又如有的妇女在遭受强暴时奋起反抗杀死不法侵害人,自以为是“杀人犯法”已具有社会危害性,但这一行为在事实上不存在社会危害性,法律也不能以行为人的自我认识为标准认定她已具有犯罪的故意。不可否认,司法实践中绝大多数的犯罪行为人对行为的社会危害性是有认识的,甚至某些犯罪的故意还要求行为人认识到刑法规定的特定事实,如销赃罪、洗钱罪等,否则不成立该罪。但这种认识是在行为人故意认识因素已经具备的基础上,再结合行为人的意志因素希望或放任所造成的结果来确定为故意犯罪。当然这里所说的结果,需按照刑法分则规定具体罪的构成要件来确定,既可以是结果犯,也可以是行为犯;既可以是实行犯,也可以是帮助犯;既可以是对结果的概括性认识,也可以是对因果关系的基本部分的认识。
(二)、在意志因素上,必须是行为人对将要发生的危害结果持“希望”、“放任”态度,既直接故意和间接故意。“希望”和“放任”是人在意志倾向上的两种基本表现形式,它们共同构成了犯罪故意“明知”的意志因素。所谓“希望”,即行为人明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果,并且希望这一结果的发生,发生危害结果是行为人实施危害行为所要实现的目的,它常常是通过行为人外在的,促使这种危害结果发生的积极行为得以体现的。希望意志具有三个特征:其一,希望具有目的性,以目的为核心,犯罪目的是希望意志的核心和指向,是希望意志的始点与归宿。其二,希望具有积极性,行为人希望实现主观的目的,总是根据自己的需要改变客观世界,最终满足自己的愿望,因此,希望增强了行为人犯罪的意志。其三,希望具有坚决性,希望的通俗解释是“追求”,行为人会千方百计地实现自己的目的,在行为上,希望意志的坚决性即可以反映在犯罪的预谋上,如制定周密的计划,进行犯罪的准备,也可以表现在犯罪的实行上,如攻击被害人的要害部位,反复实施侵害行为等。而所谓“放任”,即行为人明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果,仍然放任这一结果的发生,行为人对已经明知的危害社会结果既不积极追求,也不坚决反对,而是听任其发展的心理。在这种心理状态下,行为人常常表现出对其行为导致的危害社会结果的漠不关心,显示了这种结果的出现并不违背行为人意愿的状态。在司法实践中,“放任”通常有三种情况:第一,为实现某一犯罪的意图而放任另一个危害结果的发生。这里又分为两种情况,一是对同一对象实施犯罪行为时,放任另一危害结果的发生。例如,行为人为了抢劫被害人的财物而使用暴力,对被害人死亡持放任态度。这种情况通常是按结果加重处理。二是对某一对象实施犯罪行为时,放任对另一对象造成危害结果。例如,丈夫为了杀妻子,在妻子的碗里投放毒药,明知孩子因分食会中毒,由于杀妻心切而放任孩子的死亡。第二,为实现一个非犯罪的意图而放任危害结果的发生。例如,猎人为了击中猎物,对正在猎物旁割草的小孩子可能被一同击中而不顾,结果一枪打出,击中小孩。需要说明的是,作为放任的间接故意,不存在犯罪未遂的问题。第三,并非明确追求具体后果,而是在瞬间的情绪冲动下不计后果地实施危害行为,放任危害结果的发生。例如,聚众斗殴中有的人临时起意,拔刀就捅,不计后果,对死亡结果有预见,但不是明确的希望死亡的发生,而只是抱住放任的态度。当然,从一般意义上说,持希望意志的直接故意在主观恶性上较持放任意志的间接故意要深些,但这不是绝对的。我国刑事立法对两种故意未作处罚上的区别对待是有深刻道理的。因为从根本上来说,意志因素主要反映罪过性质,而不在于主要反映主观恶性的深浅。
综上所述,笔者认为我国刑法第14条对故意犯罪认识因素的规定落脚在“明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果”上,并不具有充足的理论根据和实践依据,因此应当修改为:“明知自己的行为会发生某种在事实上危害社会的结果,并且希望或者放任这种结果发生,因而构成犯罪的,是故意犯罪。”这样的规定表述表明行为在事实上是否具有社会危害性已不在行为人的明知范围之内。因为事实上的社会危害性是出现在行为实施之后,因此,行为人对此有无认识已不影响到犯罪故意认识因素的成立。唯有如此,我们才能有可能将犯罪故意的认定标准贯彻于司法实践的全部与始终,才能有效地维护法制的严肃性与统一性。

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工业和信息化部关于开展“质量兴业”活动的通知

工业和信息化部


工业和信息化部关于开展“质量兴业”活动的通知

工信部科[2011]510号
  

各工业行业协会:
  
  为进一步加强工业行业质量和信誉建设,提升工业行业竞争力,我部决定在全国工业行业开展“质量兴业”活动。现将有关事项通知如下:
  
  一、 活动目的
  
  “质量兴业”活动由我部支持指导,由行业协会策划组织,以企业为主体开展。
  
  “质量兴业”活动的目的是进一步发挥工业行业协会的作用,着力解决工业行业中突出质量问题,促进行业质量提升,加快行业转型升级,保障工业经济健康发展。
  
  二、主要任务
  
  (一)发挥行业协会沟通政府部门和工业企业的桥梁作用。通过“质量兴业”活动,将政府部门重点推进的质量工作落实到工业企业中去。沟通反馈行业质量信息,支持政府部门完善质量政策措施。强化政府部门、行业协会和工业企业之间的协同工作机制。
  
  (二)提高行业质量策划、分析和协调能力。通过行业质量调查、监测和分析,全面掌握行业质量发展状况。对行业质量发展做出规划和预测,指导工业企业质量提升行动。
  
  (三)夯实行业质量管理基础。通过组织和指导工业企业开展增强质量意识、加强质量管理、加快标准建设、创新技术和产品、培育自主品牌等方面的工作,提升行业竞争力,提高行业发展的质量和效益。
  
  (四)解决行业共性技术问题。通过设立质量攻关项目,整合业内骨干企业、科研院所和高等院校的技术力量,产学研结合,有计划地解决影响行业质量发展的共性技术问题,提高产品实物质量水平。
  
  三、工作内容
  
  各工业行业协会在做好行业质量管理工作的基础上,要通过策划和组织“质量兴业”活动,重点加强以下六个方面的工作。鼓励工业行业协会根据自身特点,创造性地开展活动。
  
  (一)提高企业质量意识,加强行业诚信自律
  
  在行业内组织开展质量宣传教育,提高企业的质量意识。建立健全以质量保证和质量承诺为基础的自律性规范和公约,组织骨干企业参加“质量信誉承诺”活动,引导企业自主承诺质量责任并接受行业和社会监督。制定行业性自我声明规范并组织实施,规范企业自我声明的内容和行为,并向社会明示行业企业自我声明规范。引导企业守法诚信经营,推进企业质量诚信体系建设,监督和约束企业违背诚信的行为。有条件的行业,可以建立企业诚信管理体系评价制度,改善企业诚信行为,提高行业质量信誉。
  
  (二)开展行业质量调研和质量对比分析
  
  开展行业质量调研、质量管理水平评价和实物质量对比等工作,分析行业质量形势,了解行业质量管理水平,预测行业质量发展趋势,指导企业质量提升行动。建立行业产品质量监测预警网络平台,加强对产品质量安全重大风险信息的收集、分析与报告。加强与政府部门的沟通协调,为政府部门提供行业质量信息。通过行业质量分析会、质量评价报告、以及行业质量信息发布等形式,引导企业质量改进,为消费者提供消费指导。
  
  (三)加强标准建设,开展达标备案
  
  组织开展行业相关工业标准的梳理和制修订工作,提高工业标准水平。加强标准培训和宣贯,推动标准贯彻实施,提高行业采标率和达标率。组织业内企业参与国际标准制修订工作,增强国际标准领域的话语权。有条件的行业要建立行业联盟标准,积极采用国外先进标准,推进形成具有自主知识产权的国家和行业标准,提高标准的技术水平和竞争力。对重点产品进行质量和技术等级的标准研究,开展重点工业产品质量达标备案工作,引导企业生产符合更高标准要求的产品,增加产品技术含量,提高产品竞争力和附加值。
  
  (四)提高企业质量管理能力
  
  在行业内大力推广先进质量管理方法,研究适合本行业的质量管理方法,加强应用和创新,提高质量管理能力。推进质量管理体系建设,引导企业建立全员、全过程、全方位的质量管理体系。到2015年,规模以上企业的质量管理培训覆盖面要达到80%以上管理人员和50%以上一线员工。坚持开展质量管理小组、信得过班组等群众性质量管理活动,提高质量改进项目的成果率和创新性。有条件的行业要对影响质量的关键岗位人员提出质量管理能力和资质要求,建立关键岗位人员质量专业能力评价制度,到2015年,行业内50%以上质量相关岗位的技术人员和管理人员要获得国家或行业认可的质量专业技术职业资格。研究建立行业质量奖励和激励制度,鼓励和支持优秀企业申报各级质量奖项,树立行业质量标杆。
  
  (五)推进工业企业品牌建设
  
  制定行业品牌建设计划,确定品牌建设重点企业,引导企业建立实施品牌战略,到2015年,50%以上大中型工业企业要制定并实施品牌战略。组织开展品牌培训活动,推广品牌培育管理体系,提高企业品牌培育能力和绩效,提高品牌产品市场占有率和品牌附加值。建立品牌培育评价机制,树立品牌培育标杆企业,组织交流品牌培育经验。举办行业性产品展览、品牌推广等活动,提升行业品牌形象。有条件的行业,可在重点产品类别或企业聚集区开展品牌建设,提升区域品牌和质量形象。
  
  (六)组织开展行业质量攻关
  
  围绕行业共性、关键性质量问题,包括供应链质量保证能力不足的问题,由行业协会每年确定2-3个重点项目,组织骨干企业、检验机构、高校、科研院所和相关各方资源,联合开展设计、工艺、制造、检测、试验等方面的质量研究,攻关解决这些问题,实现行业性质量进步。加大技术改造、技术创新以及有关专项对质量品种的支持力度,突破质量技术瓶颈,提高实物质量水平。加强质量控制和技术评价机构的建设和管理,为产品开发、技术攻关、质量评价和分析提供技术支持和服务。
  
  四、活动要求
  
  各工业行业协会要充分认识质量工作的重要意义,把“质量兴业”活动作为加强行业质量工作的重要手段,积极组织和推动“质量兴业”活动。
  
  (一)加强组织领导,做好资源保障
  
  各工业行业协会要加强对“质量兴业”活动的组织和领导,明确职责,落实责任。要为开展“质量兴业”活动提供必要的资源保障,特别要通过创新机制,创新方法,利用多种渠道整合资源,确保各项工作任务有效实施。
  
  (二)制定年度计划,组织实施落实
  
  各工业行业协会每年要制定“质量兴业”活动计划,确定年度重点活动内容、目标和措施,并组织实施落实。每年对“质量兴业”活动实施情况进行总结。年度计划和总结分别在年初和年末报部(科技司)。
  
  (三)突出企业主体,形成工作合力
  
  企业既是质量责任的主体,也是“质量兴业”活动的工作主体。各工业行业协会在策划和组织“质量兴业”活动过程中,要注重发挥企业的积极性。有条件的工业行业,要引导业内企业开展“质量兴企”活动,将“质量兴业”延伸到企业中去。要加强政府部门、工业企业、专业机构、以及各相关方面的协调合作,发挥合力作用,推动“质量兴业”活动深入开展。
  
  (四)形成长效机制,持续深入推广
  
  各行业协会要把“质量兴业”活动作为一项长期性工作,构建长效工作机制,建立表彰和奖励制度,统筹策划,系统推进。要把“质量兴业”活动纳入正常业务工作轨道,合理安排活动内容、调配资源,协调工作,使“质量兴业”活动与行业管理活动有机结合,为全面提升行业竞争力,振兴行业发展服务。
  
  我部对“质量兴业”活动给予鼓励和支持。在工业转型升级、技术改造和技术创新、标准制修订等工作中,重点支持“质量兴业”活动的相关项目。对行业协会策划和推进“质量兴业”活动,给予专业性指导,并召开“质量兴业”活动经验交流会议,对“质量兴业”活动进行总结。在“中国工业产品质量网”设立“质量兴业”活动工作平台,沟通信息、交流经验。
  
  联系人:工业和信息化部科技司 彭琦
  联系电话:010-68205246
  电子信箱:pengqi@miit.gov.cn

LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROCEDURE OF THECONCLUSION OF TREATIES ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE PROCEDURE OF THECONCLUSION OF TREATIES

(Adopted at the 17th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on December 28, 1990, promulgated by
Order No. 37 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
December 28, 1990, and effective as of the same date)

Article 1
The present Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 2
This Law shall be applicable to bilateral or multilateral treaties and
agreements and other instruments of the nature of a treaty or agreement
concluded between the People's Republic of China and foreign states.
Article 3
The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the
People's Republic of China shall conclude treaties and agreements with
foreign states.
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's
Republic of China shall decide on the ratification and abrogation of
treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.
The President of the People's Republic of China shall, in accordance with
decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,
ratify and abrogate treaties and important agreements concluded with
foreign states.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China shall,
under the leadership of the State Council, administer the specific affairs
concerning the conclusion of treaties and agreements with foreign states.
Article 4
The People's Republic of China shall conclude treaties and agreements with
other states in the name of:
(1) the People's Republic of China;
(2) the Government of the People's Republic of China;
(3) the governmental departments of the People's Republic of China.
Article 5
The decision to negotiate and sign treaties and agreements shall be made
according to the following procedures:
(1) in the case of a treaty or agreement to be negotiated and signed in
the name of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in conjunction
with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation and draw
up a draft treaty or agreement of the Chinese side and submit it to the
State Council for examination and decision;
(2) in the case of a treaty or agreement to be negotiated and signed in
the name of the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council
shall make a recommendation and draw up a draft treaty or agreement of the
Chinese side and, after consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
submit it to the State Council for examination and decision. In the case
of an agreement concerning a specific line of business, its Chinese draft
shall, with the consent of the State Council, be examined and decided upon
by the department concerned under the State Council or when necessary in
consultation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
(3) agreements to be negotiated and signed in the name of a governmental
department of the People's Republic of China concerning matters within the
scope of functions and powers of the department concerned shall be decided
upon by the department itself or after consultation with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. In the case of an agreement relating to matters of major
importance or matters falling within the functions and powers of other
departments under the State Council, the department concerned shall submit
it by itself or after consultation with the other departments concerned
under the State Council, to the State Council for decision. The draft
agreement of the Chinese side shall be examined and decided upon by the
department concerned or when necessary in consultation with the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs.
When major modification in the Chinese draft of a treaty or agreement
already examined and decided upon by the State Council are necessary as a
result of negotiation, the revised draft shall be submitted to the State
Council for examination and decision.
Article 6
Representatives for negotiating and signing treaties or agreements shall
be appointed according to the following procedures:
(1) In the case of a treaty or agreement to be concluded in the name of
the People's Republic of China or the Government of the People's Republic
of China, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the department concerned
under the State Council shall submit a report to the State Council for the
appointment of a representative. The full powers of the representative
shall be signed by the Premier of the State Council, but may also be
signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
(2) In the case of an agreement to be concluded in the name of a
governmental department of the People's Republic of China, a
representative shall be appointed by the head of the department concerned.
The letter of authorization for the representative shall be signed by the
head of the department. Where the head of a department signs an agreement
concluded in the name of the governmental department, and where the
contracting parties agree that it is necessary for the head of the
department to produce full powers, the full powers shall be signed by the
Premier of the State Council, but may also be signed by the Minister of
Foreign Affairs.
The following persons shall dispense with full powers for negotiating and
signing treaties and agreements:
(1) the Premier of the State Council, the Minister of Foreign Affairs;
(2) the head of a diplomatic mission of the People's Republic of China who
negotiates and signs treaties and agreements concluded between China and
the state to which he is accredited, unless it is otherwise agreed by the
contracting parties;
(3) the head of a governmental department of the People's Republic of
China who negotiates and signs the agreements concluded in the name of his
department, unless it is otherwise agreed by the contracting parties;
(4) the person, dispatched to an international conference or accredited to
an international organization by the People's Republic of China, who is at
the same time the representative for negotiating treaties or agreements in
that conference or organization, unless it is otherwise agreed by the
conference or otherwise provided for in the constitution of the
organization.
Article 7
The ratification of treaties and important agreements shall be decided
upon by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
The treaties and important agreements referred to in the preceding
paragraph are as follows:
(1) treaties of friendship and cooperation, treaties of peace and similar
treaties of a political nature;
(2) treaties and agreements relating to territory and delimitation of
boundary lines;
(3) treaties and agreements relating to judicial assistance and
extradition;
(4) treaties and agreements which contain stipulations inconsistent with
the laws of the People's Republic of China;
(5) treaties and agreements which are subject to ratification as agreed by
the contracting parties; and
(6) other treaties and agreements subject to ratification.
After the signing of a treaty or an important agreement, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall submit it to the
State Council for examination and verification; the State Council shall
then refer it to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
for decision on ratification; the President of the People's Republic of
China shall ratify it in accordance with the decision of the Standing
Committee of the National People's Congress.
After the ratification of a bilateral treaty or an important bilateral
agreement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall execute the formalities
for the exchange of the instruments of ratification with the other
contracting party. After the ratification of a multilateral treaty or an
important multilateral agreement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall
execute the formalities for the deposit of the instrument of ratification
with the depositary state or international organization. The instrument of
ratification shall be signed by the President of the People's Republic of
China and countersigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 8
After the signing of the agreements and other instruments of the nature of
a treaty which do not fall under paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law and
which are subject to approval as prescribed by the State Council or as
agreed by the contracting parties, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the
departments concerned under the State Council in conjunction with the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall submit them to the State Council for
approval. After the approval of agreements and other instruments of the
nature of a treaty, in the case of a bilateral one, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs shall execute the formalities for the exchange of the
instruments of approval with the other contracting party or for mutual
notification of the approval by diplomatic notes. In the case of a
multilateral one, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall execute the
formalities for the deposit of the instrument of approval with the
depositary state or international organization concerned. The instrument
of approval shall be signed by the Premier of the State Council, but may
also be signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Article 9
After the signing of the agreements which need no decision on ratification
by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or approval by
the State Council, the agreements shall be submitted by the departments
concerned under the State Council to the State Council for the record,
except those agreements concluded in the name of the governmental
departments of the People's Republic of China which are to be submitted by
these departments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for registration.
Article 10
If the two contracting parties need to go through different domestic legal
procedures for the entry into force of the same treaty or agreement, the
said treaty or agreement shall enter into force after the accomplishment
by the two parties of their respective legal procedures and the mutual
notification by diplomatic notes.
After the signing of the treaties and agreements listed in the preceding
paragraph, the formalities of ratification, approval, entry on the record
or registration shall be executed as the case requires in accordance with
Articles 7, 8 or 9 of this Law. The formalities of notification by note
shall be completed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 11
The decision to accede to multilateral treaties or agreements shall be
made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or the
State Council as the case requires. The procedures for acceding to
multilateral treaties and agreements shall be as follows:
(1) to accede to a multilateral treaty or an important multilateral
agreement listed in Paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law, the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a
recommendation after examination and submit it to the State Council for
examination and verification; the State Council shall then refer it to the
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for decision on
accession. The instrument of accession shall be signed by the Minister of
Foreign Affairs, and the specific formalities executed by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs;
(2) to accede to a multilateral treaty or agreement other than those
listed in Paragraph 2, Article 7 of this Law, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the department concerned under the State Council in conjunction
with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation after
examination and submit it to the State Council for decision on accession.
The instrument of accession shall be signed by the Minister of Foreign
Affairs, and the specific formalities executed by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
Article 12
The decision to accept a multilateral treaty or an agreement shall be made
by the State Council.
In the case of a multilateral treaty or agreement containing clauses of
acceptance which is signed by the Chinese representative or does not
require any signature, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the department
concerned under the State Council in conjunction with the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs shall make a recommendation after examination and submit
it to the State Council for decision on acceptance. The instrument of
acceptance shall be signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the
specific formalities executed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 13
A bilateral treaty or agreement concluded by the People's Republic of
China with a foreign state shall be done in the Chinese language and the
official language of the other contracting party, both texts being equally
authentic. When necessary, a text in the language of a third state agreed
upon by the two contracting parties may be executed in addition as a
third, equally authentic, official text or an unofficial text for
reference. It may be stipulated by agreement of the two contracting
parties that the third text shall prevail in case of divergence of
interpretation of the treaty or agreement.
For agreements on specific lines of business and treaties and agreements
concluded with international organizations, a single language fairly
commonly used internationally may also be used by agreement of the two
contracting parties or in accordance with the provisions of the
constitutions of the international organizations concerned.
Article 14
Signed originals of bilateral treaties and agreements concluded in the
name of the People's Republic of China or the Government of the People's
Republic of China and copies of multilateral treaties and agreements
certified as true by the depositary states or international organizations
concerned shall be deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Signed
originals of bilateral agreements concluded in the name of the
governmental departments of the People's Republic of China shall be
deposited with these departments.
Article 15
A treaty or an important agreement of which the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress has decided on ratification or accession shall
be published in the bulletin of the Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress. The measures for publishing other treaties and
agreements shall be made by the State Council.
Article 16
Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
be compiled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs into a collection of the
Treaties of the People's Republic of China.
Article 17
Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
be registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations by the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
United Nations Charter. Treaties and agreements concluded by the People's
Republic of China that require registration with other international
organizations shall be registered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or
the departments concerned under the State Council in accordance with the
respective constitutions of the international organizations.
Article 18
The procedures for the conclusion of a treaty or an agreement with an
international organization by the People's Republic of China shall follow
this Law and the constitution of the relevant international organization.
Article 19
The procedures for amendment to, abrogation of and withdrawal from
treaties and agreements concluded by the People's Republic of China shall
follow mutatis mutandis the procedures for the conclusion of the treaties
and agreements in question.
Article 20
The State Council may make regulations in accordance with this Law for its
implementation.
Article 21
This Law shall enter into force as of the date of promulgation.


Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.