山东省《水利产业政策》实施方案

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山东省《水利产业政策》实施方案

山东省人民政府


山东省《水利产业政策》实施方案
山东省人民政府


第一章 总 则
第一条 为了有效防治水旱灾害,促进水资源合理开发利用,缓解水利对全省经济和社会发展的制约,根据《国务院关于印发〈水利产业政策〉的通知》(国发〔1997〕35号)和国家有关法律、法规,结合本省实际,制定本实施方案。
第二条 本方案实施总目标是:明确项目性质,理顺投资渠道,扩大资金来源;合理确定价格,规范各项收费,推进水利产业化;促进节约用水,保护水资源,实现可持续利用。
具体目标是:建立起科学合理、运行有序的水资源管理和水利行业管理体制;完善水利投资和价格收费体系,强化水利资产经营管理,形成适应社会主义市场经济的水利产业良性运行机制;有效缓解水资源严重短缺的矛盾,全面提高抗御水旱灾害的能力;有效治理水污染、水土流失,
促使水环境逐步向良性发展。
第三条 本方案实施期限内,水利建设的重点是:骨干河道、重要湖泊及其重要支流的治理,病险水库及病险涵闸除险加固,蓄滞洪区安全建设,防潮堤工程建设,城市防洪工程建设,灌区的续建配套和更新改造,跨地区、跨流域的调水工程,供水工程,人畜吃水工程,平原水库建设
,水土保持综合防治,水文基础设施建设,节水工程建设,水资源保护及综合利用,水利科学技术的研究与开发利用。
第四条 贯彻国家优先发展水利产业的政策,并通过在信贷、税收、价格、土地占用等方面的优惠条件,鼓励社会各界及境外投资者通过多渠道、多方式投资水利建设。在坚持社会效益的前提下,积极探索水利产业化的有效途径,加快水利产业化的进程。
第五条 各级人民政府要强化水资源的统一管理和宏观调控,促进水资源的合理开发和持续利用。各级水行政主管部门要切实加强水资源管理,加大依法管理的力度,搞好水资源的规划、调配、保护和开发利用监督。
第六条 各级人民政府要强化对水利工作的领导,把水利摆在基础设施的重要地位,全面组织实施本方案。

第二章 水利规划
第七条 开发利用水资源和防治水害,要坚持全面规划、统筹兼顾、标本兼治、综合治理的原则,按流域和区域编制综合规划和专项规划,并按规定的程序报同级人民政府批准。经批准的规划是进行各项涉水活动的基本依据,规划如需调整,必须报经原批准机关核准。
第八条 水利规划要纳入国民经济与社会发展总体规划。城市规划和重大建设项目布局,必须充分考虑防洪安全和水资源条件,必须有利于水资源保护、水环境改善和水土保持。有关固定资产投资项目建设,涉及防洪、供水、水土保持和水资源保护的,必须经水行政主管部门核准,其
中需要报批的建设项目,要经水行政主管部门提出审查意见,否则审批部门不予审批。
第九条 各级人民政府要切实加强对水利规划工作的组织领导。按照管理权限,在2000年前分级编制完成流域和区域综合规划及专项规划。规划的编制工作由水行政主管部门和计划主管部门负责,编制规划所需的经费从同级水利建设前期工作经费中列支。
第十条 经批准的规划,由水行政主管部门会同有关部门组织实施,各类水利工程及其他涉水项目建设,必须服从规划要求。严禁任何违反规划的建设行为。

第三章 项目分类和资金筹集
第十一条 水利建设项目根据其功能和作用划分为两类:甲类为防洪除涝、防潮堤工程、城市防洪、农田灌排骨干工程、大型骨干调水工程、水土保持、水文设施、水资源保护等以社会效益为主、公益性较强的项目;乙类为供水、水力发电、水产养殖、水上旅游和水利综合经营等以经
济效益为主、兼有一定社会效益的项目。对甲乙类项目都应按有关规定区分经营性资产和非经营性资产。
第十二条 现有水利工程的甲、乙类项目划分。流域面积3000平方公里以上河道和跨市地边界中型河道、大中型水库、大中型灌区、1000万立方米以上平原水库以及省确定的其他重点水利工程项目,由省水行政主管部门会同计划、财政部门划分。其他水利项目,按照管理权限
由市地水行政主管部门会同有关部门组织划分。划分工作于1999年底以前完成。
新建、扩建、改建水利项目的分类,由项目审批单位予以明确。项目建议书或可行性研究报告必须对项目法人或责任主体、投资分摊、资本金的筹集、公益性及非公益性部分的财务核算和运行费用等提出明确意见。
第十三条 甲类项目的建设资金,主要从财政预算内资金、水利建设基金以及其他可以用于水利建设的财政性资金安排或受益单位负担,其维护运行管理费用应由各级财政性资金安排。甲类项目要明确具体的政府机构或社会公益机构作为责任主体,对建设项目全过程负责并承担风险。

乙类项目的建设资金主要通过非财政性资金渠道筹集,其维护运行管理费由经营单位营业收入支付。各级人民政府应根据本地实际情况,对乙类项目给予必要的财政性资金扶持。乙类项目实行项目法人责任制和资本金制度。
对小型农田水利工程、节水灌溉工程及水管单位的水土资源开发利用等,采取鼓励扶持政策,并给予适当的财政资金补助。
第十四条 水利建设实行分级负责制。
水利建设项目除中央项目外,进一步划分为省级项目和地方项目两类。省级项目是指骨干河道和重要湖泊治理工程、大型和重点中型水库、重点防潮堤工程、跨市地、跨流域引调水及水资源综合利用项目、大型水利枢纽工程、重点水土流失区治理工程、水文基础设施工程等对全省国民
经济和社会发展有重大影响的项目;地方项目是指局部受益的水利工程项目。
水利基本建设应根据工程的作用和受益范围,本着合理划分事权和谁受益、谁负担的原则,分级负担工程建设投资,具体按照《山东省水利基本建设投资分级负担暂行办法》(鲁政办发〔1996〕96号)执行。其他水利建设项目事权划分,由各市地自行制定。
城市防洪工程建设所需资金主要由城市人民政府负担。为保护油田、铁路、公路、矿山、电力、通讯等设施安全所需的防洪自保工程投资及运行管理费用,主要由被保护单位自筹解决。
第十五条 各级人民政府要根据本级财政增长情况,逐步增加对水利建设的投入。认真贯彻执行国家水利建设基金筹集和使用的有关规定,筹足用好水利建设基金。国家政策性贷款要适当增加用于水利建设的比例。积极争取外资用于水利建设,并保证相应的配套资金。
第十六条 各级人民政府要重视和引导利用农业生产经营组织和农业劳动者的资金及劳务投入,按照国家规定用足用好水利劳动积累工。对水旱灾害比较突出、水利建设任务重的地方,经县级人民政府批准,可以适当增加劳动积累工的数量,但最多不超过国家和省规定的20%。在群
众自愿的前提下,允许以资代劳,实行水利机械化施工。
第十七条 洪水灾害频发区和严重缺水的地区,所在地的市人民政府、行署可按项目筹集资金,筹资方案须经省人民政府审批,并报国家计划和财政主管部门备案。向群众筹集资金,必须严格遵守有关法律和国务院的有关规定。筹集资金必须使用省财政主管部门印制的票据,审计、监
察部门要对资金使用情况进行严格监督。
第十八条 在服从统一规划和防汛调度的前提下,打破地区、行业和所有制界限,鼓励和支持企业、集体、个人、境外投资者及其他经济组织,以合资、独资、股份制或股份合作制等形式兴办水利工程。
对产权明晰的小型水利工程和“四荒”(荒山、荒沟、荒丘、荒滩)治理项目,由水行政主管部门会同有关部门监督管理,经县级人民政府批准,允许以租赁、拍卖、承包和股份合作制等多种形式进行开发经营,拍卖、租赁、承包“四荒”使用权限以50年为宜。对于购买使用权的,
依法享有继承、转让、抵押等权利。通过上述形式筹集的资金,专项用于水利建设和水土流失治理。

第四章 价格、收费和管理
第十九条 国家实行取水许可制度,县级以上水行政主管部门负责本行政区域内取水许可制度的组织实施和监督管理,具体按国家和省取水许可的有关规定执行。
国家实行水资源有偿使用制度,对直接从地下或江河、湖泊取水的单位依法征收水资源费。山东省水资源费征收和使用管理办法颁布之前,暂按各市人民政府、行署有关规定执行。收取的水资源费要作为专项资金,纳入预算管理,专款专用。
第二十条 严格按照法律、法规和规章的有关规定,依法征收水利规费。各级水行政主管部门要加大河道工程修建维护管理费、河道采砂管理费、水土流失防治费和水土保持设施补偿费的收缴力度,确保在1999年底前达到足额征收。占用农业灌溉水源和灌排工程设施补偿费的配套
办法,要尽快制定并组织实施。所收规费要纳入财政专户管理,实行收支两条线,专项用于水利设施的维护、修建及运营管理。
各级水行政主管部门要严格执行征费的有关规定,使用财政部门统一印制的收费票据,确保依法行政。财政、物价、审计等有关部门要加强对水利收费的检查、监督。
第二十一条 国有水利工程的供水价格实行政府定价管理。县级以上人民政府价格主管部门会同水行政主管部门按管理权限负责制定和调整水价。
采取租赁、拍卖、承包、股份合作制和自建自有等其他形式经营的水利工程供水价格,在国家水价政策的指导下,可以实行协议水价。
第二十二条 水利工程供水价格由供水成本(含供水生产成本、费用、贷款本息)、税金及合理利润构成。根据国家价格政策、水资源状况分别按下列原则核定:
农业用水价格按照供水成本加微利核定;工业及其他用水价格,按照供水成本、税金加合理利润核定,其中服务业和生活用水价格利润水平应分别高于和略低于工业用水,贯流水、循环水用水按照消耗用水价格的20%~50%核定。
第二十三条 现有水利工程的供水价格:向工业、城镇供水的,按照上述规定重新核定;农业用水价格调整,按照《水利产业政策》的要求,3年内逐步达到规定价格标准。
新建水利工程供水水价,按管理权限由价格行政主管部门会同水行政主管部门核定,未经核定的,不得开工建设。工程建成供水后,必须按审批的水价收取水费。
各级人民政府要按照上述规定,逐步将水价调整到位。
第二十四条 各级价格行政主管部门会同水行政主管部门审批水价的权限,按国家或省价格主管部门报经批准的价格管理目录界定的权限办理。
第二十五条 推行基本水费和计量水费相结合的制度。当计量水费低于基本水费时,按基本水费征收。基本水费按满足供水工程管理维护运行的最低费用确定。
全面推行计划用水制度,对超计划用水实行累进加价制,超计划用水部分加价收费。具体办法由省价格主管部门会同有关部门制定,报省政府批准后执行。
第二十六条 鼓励优先开发利用水力资源。小水电上网电价实行同网同质同价,电力部门对小水电上网电量要给予优先安排。小水电增值税根据国家的有关规定执行。
第二十七条 县级以上水行政主管部门受政府的委托,负责对水利国有资产的保值增值进行监督管理。按照国家统一所有、政府分级监管、企业自主经营的原则,建立权责明确的水利国有资产管理、监督、营运体系。集体所有的水利资产由县级水行政主管部门协同乡镇人民政府和村民
委员会监管。
第二十八条 加快对水利国有资产产权制度和经营模式的改革。在清产核资、产权界定、确保安全的前提下,优化水利资本结构,盘活水利存量资产。供水、水电、水利综合经营等可以产权为纽带进行资产重组,实行集团化经营,发展规模经济,增强水利资产的市场竞争能力。要积极
创造条件,组建水利资产经营公司作为水利经营性资产的投资主体,通过授权经营,负责政府对水利投资资产的经营管理;对非经营性资产,通过委托监督管理,确保资产的保全与完整。

第五章 节水、水资源保护和水利技术
第二十九条 各级人民政府要认真贯彻国家保护和节约水资源的有关规定,加强计划用水、节约用水及用水定额的管理,促进水资源的合理配置。各地、各行业都必须执行国家规定的各项用水管理制度,普及节水技术,节约各类用水,切实保护和改善水环境。
第三十条 各级水行政主管部门要会同有关部门,根据本地区水的中长期供求计划和用水水平,制定节水规划和节水年度计划并组织实施。
水行政主管部门及其他有关部门在开发利用和调度水资源时,要统筹兼顾,维持河道的合理流量和湖泊、水库、地下水体的合理水位。
第三十一条 要大力推行农业节水灌溉技术,建立科学合理的灌溉制度,大面积发展渠道衬砌、管道输水、喷灌、微灌等节水灌溉,尽快改变大水漫灌等浪费水资源的灌溉方式。
要对农业节水实行扶持政策。国家政策性银行要优先贷款,各级人民政府要根据情况,安排财政贴息,并应采取以奖代补或定额补助等办法,鼓励发展节水灌溉。省里要重点扶持几家技术含量高、产品适销对路的节水设备生产厂家,以提高产品质量,扩大生产规模。
第三十二条 工矿企业及其他所有用水单位,都要厉行节约用水,采取循环用水、一水多用等节水措施,提高水的重复利用率。凡新建高耗水项目必须有水资源专项论证,在水资源紧缺的地区严格限制高耗水工业发展。要大力倡导和推行城镇生活节约用水。
第三十三条 各级人民政府对辖区内水环境质量负责,要切实加强水资源保护,采取得力措施,加快水污染和水土流失的治理步伐。到2010年,全省各类水体要符合水域功能区域的水质要求,水土流失得到初步治理,水环境得到明显改善。
第三十四条 各级水行政主管部门会同有关部门依法对水资源保护实施监督管理,拟定水资源保护规划,组织水功能区划分,加强水质监测,审定水域纳污能力,提出限制排污总量的意见。在河道、湖泊设置和扩大排污口,应当征得有管辖权的水行政主管部门同意。严禁在水库、渠道
和生活饮用水源地、风景名胜区水体、重要渔业水体及其他有特殊经济文化价值的水体保护区设置排污口,保证其水质符合规定用途的使用标准。已经设置的,由县以上人民政府环境保护部门责令限期搬迁。在海水入侵区和其他地下水严重超采区,所在地县级以上人民政府必须明确划定禁
采区和限采区,采取治理保护措施,严格控制地下水开采。
第三十五条 按照“谁污染、谁治理、谁破坏、谁恢复”的原则,建立保护水资源、恢复生态环境的经济补偿机制。任何生活、生产活动及项目建设必须防止造成水土流失和水污染。造成水土流失和水污染的单位,要负责治理并承担全部治理费用。
第三十六条 全面实施“科教兴水”战略。各级、各部门要充分重视水利科技教育,采取切实有力的措施,搞好水利人才的教育培养,加强水利科学技术研究应用和技术推广工作,使全省水利科技整体水平得到显著提高。
第三十七条 广开水利科技投入渠道,加大水利科技投入。各级政府要从水利基建投资、专项事业费和水利建设基金中分别拿出一定比例的资金,用于发展水利科技。要适当增加科技专项资金对水利的投入,支持重点水利科研项目。
第三十八条 加强水利技术和水污染防治技术的研究开发、引进消化和普及推广。重点研究开发和推广的技术包括:防洪抗旱减灾技术、河道整治技术、大型水利工程的关键性技术、清淤技术、节水技术、水污染处理技术、工程除险加固技术、水土保持技术、水文自动测报和防洪调度
自动化技术及水利建设的新材料、新结构和新工艺。要不断提高水利勘测设计、工程管理、技术设施与装备的现代化水平,建立和完善水利信息网络,扩大国内外的技术交流。要进一步加强水利软科学的研究,重点是水资源的宏观调配和综合开发利用、水利经济良性运行机制及促进水利产
业化发展的各项政策研究。

第六章 附 则
第三十九条 本实施方案由省计划行政主管部门会同省水行政主管部门负责解释。实施中遇到的问题,由省计划行政主管部门负责协调。
第四十条 本实施方案自发布之日起施行,到2010年止。



1999年8月8日
下载地址: 点击此处下载
团购2.0的法律关系探析
一、团购2.0的运行模式
团购2.0,又称为网络团购。是由电子商务、web2.0、互联网广告以及线下模式构成的的结合体。最早始于美国的Groupon团购网站。与传统的团购不同的是,团购2.0网站每天只会推出一单精品消费,且其折扣大,有些可以达到2、3折,甚至更低,涉足领域横跨培训课程、户外活动、餐饮美食等服务行业。用户如果对团购有兴趣可以点击购买按钮,在限定时间内凑够最低人数,网友就能享受到超低的团购价,并且通过下载、打印、发送手机短信等获得优惠券,并使用优惠券进行消费。
除了团购商品的销售功能,团购2.0对参与商家还具有很强的广告宣传效益:传统团购网站只是简单的团购商品,而新型团购网站因商品优,折扣大,团购时间有限,且网站拥有邀请返利及分享功能,所以用户愿意通过人和人的关系进行传递信息,具有很强的口碑宣传效益。[ 解读团购2.0 中国商贸]根据买卖商品种类的不同,团购2.0可以区分为两种运行模式:
1实物方式
实物团购主要涉及普通有形商品的交易。消费者如果对团购感兴趣可以点击购买,在通过支付宝、财付通、网银在线等网上支付工具付清货款后,直接填写所购货物的快递地址和物流公司。所购货物最终由物流公司送至消费者手中。在这一过程中,消费者低廉的折扣价格购买到了商品,商家在售出商品的同时也达到了一定程度上宣传的目的,而团购网站则从商品的货款中获取了一定比例的差价收入。
2电子券方式
对于餐饮、娱乐等服务行业,消费者需要到服务地点进行消费,因此,传统的物流方式并不能够满足其需求。团购2.0网站因而采取了更加灵活的电子券交易方式,消费者在网上在线支付货款后,团购网站会将电子券券号和密码发到顾客的手机上,顾客凭借该短信信息即可在未来的一定时间段内,任意选定时间去商家消费。而商家和团购网站之间的结算,则是按照实际发生的消费行为进行,而不是按照网站上所显示的团购参与人数结算。[ 团购:一种商业模式的新游戏 中国商贸]在这一过程中,消费者以更加低廉的折扣价格获得了商家的服务,商家实际提供服务后获得了报酬和巨大的广告宣传效果,而团购网站除了在商品的货款中获取了一定比例的差价收入外,还从消费者团购开始到实际消费的这一时间段内获取了资金沉淀的收益。
二、团购2.0的法律关系分析
作为一种新兴的网络宣传和销售模式,团购2.0具有着广阔的发展前景。但另一方面,规范其健康运行的法律规则仍然处于不确定的状态,因团购2.0而产生的纠纷时有发生。因此,有必要厘清团购2.0所涉及的法律关系,所适用的法律规范予以明确。
团购2.0中主要涉及三方法律主体,即团购网站、商家和消费者。这三方主体之间都存在着不同的法律关系。而且在团购2.0的不同运行模式,也会在法律上形成不同的法律关系。以下笔者尝试对“实物方式”和“电子券方式”的团购所涉及的法律关系以及对有可能发生之纠纷的责任承担问题进行梳理。
1实物方式团购中,商家与团购网站形成居间合同法律关系,团购网站为居间人
在实物快递方式的团购中,商家提供商品,消费者购买商品,因此,在商家和消费者之间形成了事实上的买卖合同法律关系。这一交易过程中团购网站为商家提供了媒介服务,并藉此向商家索要一定数额的服务费用。根据我国合同法的规定,居间合同是指居间人向委托人报告订立合同的机会或者提供订立合同的媒介服务,委托人支付报酬的合同。因此,可以认定,团购网站与商家之间形成了居间合同法律关系,团购网站为居间人。
2电子券方式团购中,商家与团购网站形成委托代理关系,团购网站为代理人
而在以电子券方式交易的团购中,消费者获取商品或享受服务的依凭是团购网站发出的电子券。商家与团购网站之间的结算依据则是消费者实际发生消费后兑换的电子券。在这一系列交易过程中,团购网站不仅为商家和消费者之间买卖合同的订立提供了媒介服务,而且还代理了商家进行了一部分的支付交易行为。而根据我国《合同法》的规定,委托合同是指委托人和受托人约定,由受托人处理委托人事务的合同。因此,可以认定,电子券方式中团购网站与商家之间形成的不是居间合同法律关系,而是委托代理合同的法律关系。
三、团购网站的法律义务和责任分析
首先,无论是实物方式团购还是电子券方式团购,在商家和消费者之间的买卖合同中,团购网站都没有主体地位,也因此不会因为可能的商品或服务的质量问题而承担任何责任。而一旦发生商品或服务质量的纠纷,消费者则可以依据《合同法》,向商家主张违约者责任;造成其他损害的。也可以依据《产品质量法》、《侵权责任法》等其他法律,主张侵权责任。
但在电子券方式团购中,团购网站基于商家的代理权的授予,而以自己的名义代理商家接受消费者的货款并发出电子券。因此团购网站应保证电子券是可以兑付的。如果消费者凭电子券请求商家提供商品或服务时,商家拒绝兑付消费券,则团购网站构成无权代理行为。又由于消费者基于对团购网站的信任而有足够理由相信团购网站所售商品的真实性,即团购网站拥有商家的代理权,因此,团购网站在此构成我国《合同法》第四十九条的表见代理,即“行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同,相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的,该代理行为有效。”则此种情形下,可以认为团购网站的代理行为有效,即电子券是有效的,商家应予兑付。如果商家拒绝兑付,则消费者可以基于“表见代理”要求商家承担因合同履行不能而产生的责任,也可以主张无权代理追究团购网站的责任。而一旦消费者要求商家承担责任,那商家在承担了对消费者的责任后,可以仍可以基于无权代理,而向团购网站追偿商家承担的那部分责任。


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中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

财政部


中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

1993年12月25日,财政部

细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》(以下简称条例)第二十八条的规定,制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称货物,是指有形动产,包括电力、热力、气体在内。
条例第一条所称加工,是指受托加工货物,即委托方提供原料及主要材料,受托方按照委托方的要求制造货物并收取加工费的业务。
条例第一条所称修理修配,是指受托对损伤和丧失功能的货物进行修复,使其恢复原状和功能的业务。
第三条 条例第一条所称销售货物,是指有偿转让货物的所有权。
条例第一条所称提供加工、修理修配劳务,是指有偿提供加工、修理修配劳务。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供加工、修理修配劳务,不包括在内。
本细则所称有偿,包括从购买方取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
第四条 单位或个体经营者的下列行为,视同销售货物:
(一)将货物交付他人代销;
(二)销售代销货物;
(三)设有两个以上机构并实行统一核算的纳税人,将货物从一个机构移送其他机构用于销售,但相关机构设在同一县(市)的除外;
(四)将自产或委托加工的货物用于非应税项目;
(五)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物作为投资,提供给其他单位或个体经营者;
(六)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物分配给股东或投资者;
(七)将自产、委托加工的货物用于集体福利或个人消费;
(八)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物无偿赠送他人。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及货物又涉及非应税劳务,为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为,视为销售货物,应当征收增值税;其他单位和个人的混合销售行为,视为销售非应税劳务,不征收增值税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
本条第一款所称非应税劳务,是指属于应缴营业税的交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
本条第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者,包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主,并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。
第六条 纳税人兼营非应税劳务的,应分别核算货物或应税劳务和非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的,其非应税劳务应与货物或应税劳务一并征收增值税。
纳税人兼营的非应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第七条 条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内(以下简称境内)销售货物,是指所销售的货物的起运地或所在地在境内;
条例第一条所称在境内销售应税劳务,是指所销售的应税劳务发生在境内。
第八条 条例第一条所称单位,是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人,是指个体经营者及其他个人。
第九条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的,以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十条 纳税人销售不同税率货物或应税劳务,并兼营应属一并征收增值税的非应税劳务的,其非应税劳务应从高适用税率。
第十一条 小规模纳税人以外的纳税人(以下简称一般纳税人)因销货退回或折让而退还给购买方的增值税额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销项税额中扣减,因进货退出或折让而收回的增值税额,应从发生进货退出或折让当期的进项税额中扣减。
第十二条 条例第六条所称价外费用,是指价外向购买方收取的手续费、补贴、基金、集资费返还利润、奖励费、违约金(延期付款利息)、包装费、包装物租金、储备费、优质费、运输装卸费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。但下列项目不包括在内:
(一)向购买方收取的销项税额;
(二)受托加工应征消费税的消费品所代收代缴的消费税;
(三)同时符合以下条件的代垫运费:
1.承运部门的运费发票开具给购货方的;
2.纳税人将该项发票转交给购货方的。
凡价外费用,无论其会计制度如何核算,均应并入销售额计算应纳税额。
第十三条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条规定应当征收增值税的,其销售额分别为货物与非应税劳务的销售额的合计,货物或者应税劳务与非应税劳务的销售额的合计。
第十四条 一般纳税人销售货物或者应税劳务采用销售额和销项税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+税率
第十五条 根据条例第六条的规定,纳税人按外汇结算销售额的,其销售额的人民币折合率可以选择销售额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价(原则上为中间价)。纳税人应在事先确定采用何种折合率,确定后一年内不得变更。
第十六条 纳税人有条例第七条所称价格明显偏低并无正当理由或者有本细则第四条所列视同销售货物行为而无销售额者,按下列顺序确定销售额:
(一)按纳税人当月同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(二)按纳税人最近时期同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(三)按组成计税价格确定。组成计税价格的公式为:
组成计税价格=成本×(1+成本利润率)
属于应征消费税的货物,其组成计税价格中应加计消费税额。
公式中的成本是指:销售自产货物的为实际生产成本,销售外购货物的为实际采购成本。公式中的成本利润率由国家税务总局确定。
第十七条 条例第八条第三款所称买价,包括纳税人购进免税农业产品支付给农业生产者的价款和按规定代收代缴的农业特产税。
前款所称价款,是指经主管税务机关批准使用的收购凭证上注明的价款。
第十八条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条的规定应当征收增值税的,该混合销售行为所涉及的非应税劳务和兼营的非应税劳务所用购进货物的进项税额,符合条例第八条规定的,准予从销项税额中抵扣。
第十九条 条例第十条所称固定资产是指:
(一)使用期限超过一年的机器、机械、运输工具以及其他与生产经营有关的设备、工具、器具;
(二)单位价值在2000元以上,并且使用年限超过两年的不属于生产经营主要设备的物品。
第二十条 条例第十条所称非应税项目,是指提供非应税劳务、转让无形资产、销售不动产和固定资产在建工程等。
纳税人新建、改建、扩建、修缮、装饰建筑物,无论会计制度规定如何核算,均属于前款所称固定资产在建工程。
第二十一条 条例第十条所称非正常损失,是指生产经营过程中正常损耗外的损失,包括:
(一)自然灾害损失;
(二)因管理不善造成货物被盗窃、发生霉烂变质等损失;
(三)其他非正常损失。
第二十二条 已抵扣进项税额的购进货物或应税劳务发生条例第十条第(二)至(六)项所列情况的,应将该项购进货物或应税劳务的进项税额从当期发生的进项税额中扣减。无法准确确定该项进项税额的,按当期实际成本计算应扣减的进项税额。
第二十三条 纳税人兼营免税项目或非应税项目(不包括固定资产在建工程)而无法准确划分不得抵扣的进项税额的,按下列公式计算不得抵扣的进项税额。
当月免税项目销售额、
不得抵 当月全 非应税项目营业额合计扣的进=部进项×----------项税额 税 额 当月全部销售额、
营业额合计
第二十四条 条例第十一条所称小规模纳税人的标准规定如下:
(一)从事货物生产或提供应税劳务的纳税人,以及以从事货物生产或提供应税劳务为主,并兼营货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应征增值税销售额(以下简称应税销售额)在100万元以下的;
(二)从事货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应税销售额在180万元以下的。
年应税销售额超过小规模纳税人标准的个人、非企业性单位、不经常发生应税行为的企业,视同小规模纳税人纳税。
第二十五条 小规模纳税人的销售额不包括其应纳税额。
小规模纳税人销售货物或应税劳务采用销售额和应纳税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+征收率
第二十六条 小规模纳税人因销货退回或折让退还给购买方的销售额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销售额中扣减。
第二十七条 条例第十四条所称会计核算健全,是指能按会计制度和税务机关的要求准确核算销项税额、进项税额和应纳税额。
第二十八条 个体经营者符合条例第十四条所定条件的,经国家税务总局直属分局批准,可以认定为一般纳税人。
第二十九条 小规模纳税人一经认定为一般纳税人后,不得再转为小规模纳税人。
第三十条 一般纳税人有下列情形之一者,应按销售额依照增值税税率计算应纳税额,不得抵扣进项税额,也不得使用增值税专用发票。
(一)会计核算不健全,或者不能够提供准确税务资料的;
(二)符合一般纳税人条件,但不申请办理一般纳税人认定手续的。
第三十一条 条例第十六条所列部分免税项目的范围,限定如下:
(一)第一款第(一)项所称农业,是指种植业、养殖业、林业、牧业、水产业。
农业生产者,包括从事农业生产的单位和个人。
农业产品,是指初级农业产品,具体范围由国家税务总局直属分局确定。
(二)第一款第(三)项所称古旧图书,是指向社会收购的古书和旧书。
(三)第一款第(八)项所称物品,是指游艇、摩托车、应征消费税的汽车以外的货物。
自己使用过的物品,是指本细则第八条所称其他个人自己使用过的物品。
第三十二条 条例第十八条所称增值税起征点的适用范围只限于个人。
增值税起征点的幅度规定如下:
(一)销售货物的起征点为月销售额600—2000元。
(二)销售应税劳务的起征点为月销售额200—800元。
(三)按次纳税的起征点为每次(日)销售额50—80元。
前款所称销售额,是指本细则第二十五条第一款所称小规模纳税人的销售额。
国家税务总局直属分局应在规定的幅度内,根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点,并报国家税务总局备案。
第三十三条 条例第十九条第(一)项规定的销售货物或者应税劳务的纳税义务发生时间,按销售结算方式的不同,具体为:
(一)采取直接收款方式销售货物,不论货物是否发出,均为收到销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据,并将提货单交给买方的当天;
(二)采取托收承付和委托银行收款方式销售货物,为发出货物并办妥托收手续的当天;
(三)采取赊销和分期收款方式销售货物,为按合同约定的收款日期的当天;
(四)采取预收货款方式销售货物,为货物发出的当天;
(五)委托其他纳税人代销货物,为收到代销单位销售的代销清单的当天;
(六)销售应税劳务,为提供劳务同时收讫销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据的当天;
(七)纳税人发生本细则第四条第(三)项至第(八)项所列视同销售货物行为,为货物移送的当天。
第三十四条 境外的单位或个人在境内销售应税劳务而在境内未设有经营机构的,其应纳税款以代理人为扣缴义务人;没有代理人的,以购买者为扣缴义务人。
第三十五条 非固定业户到外县(市)销售货物或者应税劳务未向销售地主管税务机关申报纳税的,由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十六条 条例第二十条所称税务机关,是指国家税务总局及其所属征收机关。
条例和本细则所称主管税务机关、征收机关,均指国家税务总局所属支局以上税务机关。
第三十七条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”,均含本数或本级。
第三十八条 本细则由财政部解释,或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十九条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国增值税条例(草案)实施细则》、《中华人民共和国产品税条例(草案)实施细则》同时废止。

DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON VALUE-ADDED TAX

(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 28 of the Republic of China on Value-Added Tax> (hereinafter referred to as "the
Regulations").
Article 2
"Goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
tangible moveable goods, including electricity, heat, and gas.
"Processing" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
the business of contracting to process goods, where the contractor
supplies the raw material and major materials and the subcontractor
manufactures the goods in accordance with the requirements of the
contractor and receives a processing fee.
"Repairs and replacement" as mentioned in Article 1 of the
Regulations refers to the business of contracting to carry out repairs of
damaged or malfunctioned goods, so as to restore the goods to their
original conditions and functions.
Article 3
"Sales of goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers
to the transfer of the ownership of goods for any consideration.
"Provision of processing, repairs and replacement services" as
mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the provision of
processing, repairs and replacement services for any consideration.
However the provision of processing, repairs and replacement services by
the staff employed by the units or individual business operators for their
units or employers shall not be included.
"Consideration" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules includes money,
goods or any economic benefit obtained from the purchasers.
Article 4
The following activities of units or individual operators shall be
deemed as sales of goods:
(1) Consignment of goods to others for sale;
(2) Sale of goods under consignment;
(3) Transfer of goods from one establishment to other establishments
for sale by a taxpayer that maintains two or more establishments and
adopts consolidated accounting, unless the relevant establishments are
maintained in the same county (or city);
(4) Application of self-produced or processed goods to produce
non-taxable items;
(5) Provision of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to other
units or individual operators as investments;
(6) Distribution of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to
shareholders or investors;
(7) Use of self-produced or processed goods for collective welfare or
personal consumption;
(8) Giving out self-produced, processed or purchased goods to others
as free gifts.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves goods and non-taxable services shall
be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of enterprises,
enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in production,
wholesaling or retailing of goods shall be regarded as sales of goods
which shall be subject to VAT. Mixed sales activities of other units or
individuals shall be regarded as sales of non-taxable services which shall
not be subject to VAT.
Whether a taxpayer's sales activity is a mixed sales activity shall
be determined by the tax collecting authorities under the State
Administration of Taxation.
"Non-taxable services" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article refers to the services subject to Business Tax within the scope of
the taxable items of communications and transportation, construction,
finance and insurance, posts and telecommunications, culture and sports,
entertainment, and service industries.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in production, wholesaling or retailing of goods" as mentioned in
the first paragraph of this Article includes enterprises, enterprise
units, and individual business operators principally engaged in the
production, wholesaling or retailing of goods and also engaged in
non-taxable services.
Article 6
Taxpayers also engaged in non-taxable services shall account
separately for the sales amount of goods and taxable services and
non-taxable services. Without separate accounting or where accurate
accounting cannot be made, the non-taxable services and goods and taxable
services shall together be subject to VAT.
Whether non-taxable services so engaged by the taxpayer shall be
subject to VAT shall be determined by the tax collecting authorities under
the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
"Sales of goods within the territory of the People's Republic of
China" (hereinafter referred to as "within the territory") as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the place of despatch or the
location of the goods sold is within the territory.
"Sales of taxable services in the territory" as mentioned in Article
1 of the Regulations refers to the sales of taxable services that takes
place within the territory.
Article 8
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, privately- owned
enterprises, joint-stock enterprises, other enterprises, administrative
units, institutions, military units, social organizations and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual business operators and other individuals.
Article 9
For enterprises which lease or contract to others for management, the
lessees or the sub-contractors shall be the taxpayers.
Article 10
Taxpayers selling goods or taxable services with different tax rates
and also engaged in non-taxable services which shall be subject to VAT,
the highest of the tax rates on goods or taxable services shall apply to
the non taxable services.
Article 11
For taxpayers other than small-scale taxpayers (hereinafter referred
to as "general taxpayers"), the VAT refundable to purchasers due to
returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted from the output tax
for the period in which the returns inward or discount allowed takes
place. The VAT recovered due to the returns outward or discount received
shall be deducted from the input tax for the period in which the returns
outward or discount received takes place.
Article 12
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 6 of the Regulations refers
to handling fees, subsidies, funds, fund raising fees, profits sharing,
incentive bonus, damages on breach of contract (interest on deferred
payments), packaging charges, rentals on packaging materials, contingency
charges, quality charges, freight and loading and unloading charges,
commissioned receipts, commissioned payments and charges of any other
nature which is in addition to the price charged to the purchaser. The
following items nevertheless shall not be included:
(1) Output VAT collected from purchasers;
(2) Consumption Tax withheld on processing of consumer goods subject
to Consumption Tax;
(3) Disbursement of freight charges that satisfies both the following
conditions;
1. A freight invoice of transportation department was issued to the
purchaser; and
2. The same invoice is turned over by the taxpayer to the purchaser.
All other charges, regardless of the accounting treatment under the
accounting system adopted, shall be included in the sales amount in
computing the tax payable.
Article 13
Where the taxpayer is engaged in mixed sales activities and the
non-taxable services that are subject to VAT in accordance with Article 5
and Article 6 of these Detailed Rules, his sales amount shall be
respectively the sum the his sales amounts of goods and non-taxable
services, or the sum of the sales amounts of goods or taxable services and
the non-taxable services.
Article 14
For general taxpayers selling goods or taxable services that adopt
the pricing method of combining the sales amount and the output tax, the
sales amount shall be computed according to the following formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + tax rate
Article 15
Pursuant to the stipulations of Article 6 of the Regulations, if a
taxpayer settles the sales amount in foreign exchange, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the sales amount to be selected can be the foreign
exchange rate quoted by the State (the average rate in Principle)
prevailing on the date or that on the first day of the month in which the
sales take place. Taxpayers shall determine in advance the conversion
rate to be adopted. Once determined, no change is allowed within 1 year.
Article 16
For taxpayers whose prices are obviously low and without proper
justification as mentioned in Article 7 of the Regulations, or have
activities of selling goods as listed in Article 4 of these Detailed Rules
but without invoiced sales amounts, the sales amount shall be determined
according to the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the same month;
(2) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the recent period;
(3) Determined according to the composite assessable value. The
formula of the composite assessable value shall be:
Composite assessable Value = Cost X (1 + cost plus margin)
For goods subject to Consumption Tax, the composite assessable value
shall include Consumption Tax payable.
"Cost" in the formula refers to the actual costs of products sold for
sales of self-produced goods; and the actual costs of purchases for sales
of purchased goods. The rate of cost-plus margin in the formula shall be
determined by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 17
The "Purchase price" as mentioned in Paragraph 3, Article 8 of the
Regulations includes the price paid by taxpayers to agricultural producers
for purchasing tax-exempt agricultural products and the Agricultural
Special Product Tax withheld according to the regulations.
The "price paid" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to
the price specified on the purchasing voucher approved for use by the
competent tax authorities.
Article 18
For mixed sales activities and non-taxable services which are subject
to VAT according to the stipulations of Article 5 and Article 6 of these
Detailed Rules, the input tax on goods purchased for use in the
non-taxable services involved in the mixed sales activities or in the
non-taxable services that satisfies the stipulations of Article 8 of the
Regulations is allowed to be credited from the output tax.
Article 19
"Fixed assets" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to:
(1) Machinery, mechanical apparatus, means of transport, and other
equipment, tools and apparatus related to production or business
operations with a useful life of more than one year;
(2) Article that are not the main equipment for production or
business operations but with a unit value of more than 2000 yuan and a
useful life of more than two years.
Article 20
"Non-taxable items" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to the provision of non-taxable services, the transfer of
intangible assets, the sales of immovable properties and fixed assets
under construction, etc.
The construction, re-construction, expansion, repairing and
decoration of buildings by the taxpayer, regardless of the accounting
treatment under the accounting system adopted, shall be included in the
"fixed assets under construction" as mentioned in the proceeding
paragraph.
Article 21
"Abnormal losses" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to losses other than the normal wear and tear in the course of
production or business operations. They include:
(1) Losses due to natural disasters;
(2) Losses due to theft, spoilage or deterioration, etc., resulting
from improper management;
(3) Other abnormal losses.
Article 22
Where input tax has already been claimed on goods purchased or
taxable services under the circumstances listed in Paragraphs (2) to (6)
in Article 10 of the Regulations, the input tax of these goods purchased
or taxable services shall be deducted from the input tax of that period.
If that input tax cannot be determined accurately, the input tax to be
deducted shall be computed based on the actual costs of that period.
Article 23
For taxpayers engaged in tax-exempt items or non-taxable items (not
including fixed assets under construction) and where the input tax cannot
be determined accurately, the non-creditable input tax shall be computed
according to the following formula:
Sum of the sales amounts of
tax-exempt items and
turnover of non-taxable
Non-creditable Total input tax items of the month
= x --------------------
in put tax of the month Sum of the total sales
amount and turnover of
the month
Article 24
The standards for small-scale taxpayers as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Regulations are as follows:
(1) Taxpayers engaged in the production of goods or the provision of
taxable services, and taxpayers engaged principally in the production of
goods or provision of taxable services but also in wholesaling or
retailing of goods, the annual sales amount of which subject to VAT
(hereinafter referred to as "taxable sales amount") is below 1 million
yuan;
(2) Taxpayers engaged in wholesaling or retailing of goods, the
annual taxable sales amount of which is below 1.8 million yuan.
Regardless whether the annual taxable sales amounts exceed the
standards for small-scale taxpayers, individuals, non-enterprise units,
and enterprises which do not often have taxable activities, are chargeable
as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 25
The sales amount of small-scale taxpayers does not include the tax
payable.
For small-scale taxpayers selling goods or providing taxable services
that adopt the method of setting prices by combining the sales amount and
the tax payable, the sales amount is computed according to the following
formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + Assessable rate
Article 26
For small-scale taxpayers, the sales amount refunded to the
purchasers due to returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted
from the sales amount for the period in which the returns inward or
discount allowed occurs.
Article 27
"Sound accounting" as stated in Article 14 of the Regulations refers
to the capability of accurately accounting for the output tax, input tax
and tax payable in accordance with the accounting regulations and the
requirements of the tax authorities.
Article 28
Individual operators that satisfy the conditions as prescribed in
Article 14 of the Regulations and after the approval of the bureaux
directly under the State Administration of Taxation can be confirmed as
general taxpayers.
Article 29
Once the small-scale taxpayers have been confirmed as general
taxpayers, they cannot be reclassified as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 30
General taxpayers in any of the following circumstances shall compute
the tax payable based on the sales amount and according to the VAT rates,
but no input tax can be credited and special VAT invoices shall not be
used:
(1) The accounting system is unsound or cannot provide accurate tax
information;
(2) The conditions of general taxpayers are satisfied but the
taxpayer has not applied or processed the confirmation procedures as
general taxpayers.
Article 31
The scope of part of the tax-exempt items listed in Article 16 of the
Regulations are prescribed as follows:
(1) "Agricultural" as mentioned in Item (1) of Paragraph (1) refers
to planting, breeding, forestry, animal husbandry and aquatic products
industry.
"Agricultural producers" includes units and individuals engaged in
agricultural production.
"Agricultural products" refers to primary agricultural products. The
detailed scope of this definition shall be determined by the taxation
bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
(2) "Antique books" as mentioned in Item (3) of Paragraph (1) refers
to the ancient books and old books purchased from the public.
(3) "Articles" as mentioned in Item (8) of Paragraph (1) refers to
goods other than yachts, motorcycles, and motor vehicles that are subject
to Consumption Tax.
"Articles which have been used" refers to goods that have been used
by "other individuals" as mentioned in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 32
The scope of application of "VAT minimum threshold" as mentioned in
Article 18 of the Regulations is limited to individuals.
The range of the VAT minimum threshold are stipulated as
follows:
(1) The minimum threshold for sales of goods shall be monthly sales
amount of 600 to 2000 yuan.
(2) The minimum threshold for sales of taxable services shall be
monthly sales amount of 200 to 800 yuan.
(3) The minimum threshold for assessment on a transaction-by-
transaction basis shall be sales amount per transaction (or per day) of 50
to 80 yuan.
"Sales amount" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the
"sales amount of small-scale taxpayers" as mentioned in the first
paragraph of Article 25 of these Detailed Rules.
The bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation shall
determine the minimum threshold locally applicable within the prescribed
range and in accordance with the actual conditions and shall report these
amounts to the State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 33
The timing at which the tax liability arises on the sales of goods or
taxable services as prescribed in Item (1), Article 19 of the Regulations
is specified according to the different methods of settlement as follows:
(1) For sales of goods under the direct payment method, it shall be
the date on which the sales sum is received or the documented evidence of
the right to collect the sales sum is obtained, and the bills of lading
are delivered to purchasers, regardless whether the goods are delivered;
(2) For sales of goods where the sales amount is entrusted for
collection, including where entrusted to banks for collection, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered and the procedures for entrusted
collection are completed;
(3) For sales of goods on credit or receipt by installments, it shall
be the date of collection agreed according to the contracts;
(4) For sales of goods with payment received in advance, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered;
(5) For sales of goods on a consignment to other taxpayers, it shall
be the date on which the detailed account of consignment sales are
received from the consignee;
(6) For sales of taxable services, it shall be the date on which the
services are provided and the sales sum is received or the documented
evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained;
(7) For taxpayers that have the activities that are considered as
sales of goods as listed from Item (3) to Item (8) in Article 4 of these
Detailed Rules, it shall be the date on which the goods are transferred.
Article 34
For overseas units or individuals selling taxable services within the
territory but have not set up any business establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the purchaser shall be the withholding
agent.
Article 35
For business without a fixed base selling goods or taxable services
in a different county (or city) and have not reported and paid tax with
the competent tax authorities where the sales take place, the competent
tax authorities of the location where the establishments are located or
where the individual resides shall collect the overdue tax.
Article 36
"Tax authorities" as mentioned in Article 20 of the Regulations is
the State Administration of Taxation, and the collecting authorities
thereunder.
"The competent tax authorities" and "the collecting authorities" as
mentioned in the Regulations and these Detailed Rules refer to branches
offices under the State Administration of Taxation at county level and
above.
Article 37
"Above" and "Below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules also include
the figure or the level itself.
Article 38
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 39
These Detailed rules shall be implemented on the date the Regulations
come into effect. The Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Value-Added Tax> and the

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