浅论行政不作为

李垒（辽宁大学2006法硕）

[内容摘要]：行政不作为是行政行为理论的一个重要组成部分。目前我国对行政不作为缺乏法律法规的有效规制。对行政不作为致相对人权益损害的救济途径也十分有限,本文力图从行政不作为的界定、特征、危害、遏制对策、救济途径等方面对行政不作为进行论述，希望能给大家提供一点参考。

[关键词]：行政不作为，界定，特征，危害，对策

一、行政不作为的界定
如何界定行政不作为，理论界大体有四种主张：1. 程序说。认为行政不作为是指行政主体负有作为的法定义务，并有作为的可能性而在程序上逾期有所不为的行为；2.实质说。认为行政不作为是行政主体消极地不做出一定的动作，但要分方式的不为和内容的不为；3. 违法说。认为在行政违法理论中，没有合法的不作为。行政不作为就是行政不作为违法，是指行政机关、其他行政公务组织或公务人员负有法定的作为义务，却违反该规定而不履行作为义务的行为。
本人认为：行政不作为应该是指行政主体根据行政相对人的申请，负有作出相应行政行为的法定义务，但在法定或合理期限内未按照法定程序履行或完全履行的消极行为。
一般来看，行政不作为有以下四个构成要件：
1.行政不作为的主体必须是负有某种法定作为义务的行政主体。行政主体是指享有国家行政权力，能以自己的名义从事行政管理活动，并能独立承担由此产生的法律责任的组织。成为行政主体必须具备四个条件：一必须享有行政权力，二必须能以自己的名义从事行政管理活动，三必须能够承担由于实施行政活动而产生的责任，四行政主体必须是组织，个人不能成为行政主体。
2.行政主体具有作为的行政义务。行政不作为的构成必须以行政主体及其工作人员负有行政法上的作为义务为前提条件。所谓作为义务，是指行政主体及其工作人员在进行行政管理活动中，基于特定的事实和条件而产生的依法应为一定行政行为的具体法律义务。法定的行政作为义务主要来源于四个方面: (1) 法律直接规定的行政作为义务。这种法律正面规定的行政作为义务只能来自狭义的义务性法律规范,禁止性或授权性法律规范都不能正面体现行政作为义务。(2) 法律间接体现的行政作为义务。所有授权性法律规范均隐含相应的行政职责,其中很大一部分是行政作为义务。另外,行政相对人行政法上的权利义务规范也隐含行政主体的行政职责,从而包容着行政作为义务。 (3) 先行行为引起的行政作为义务。它指由于行政主体先前实施的行为,使相对人某种合法权益处于遭受严重损害的危险状态,行政主体因此必须采取积极措施防止损害发生的作为义务。(4) 合同行为引起的作为义务。行政主体运用合同方式进行行政活动是现代国家追求民主行政的方式。行政主体因订立行政合同所生的权利义务是行政法上的权利义务,其中包括行政作为义务。当然这种义务以合同有效为前提。
3.行政主体有履行行政义务的可能性。虽然行政主体负有行政义务，但由于客观条件限制、意外事件及不可抗力导致行政主体及其工作人员由于非主观的原因而不能及时履行行政义务，不认定为行政不作为。
4.行政主体在法定的或合理的期限内不履行行政义务。行政主体不履行行政义务在司法实践中一般表现为两种形式：一种是行政主体在接到相对人的申请或依职权发现相对人的人身权或财产权需要获得保护的情形后，根本没有启动行政程序，属于完全的行政不作为。另一种形式是行政主体虽启动了行政程序，但在法定或合理期限内没有全部完成行政程序，属于不完全的行政不作为。
行政不作为具有以下几个方面的特征：
1.违法性
违法性是行政不作为的本质特征。行政不作为在本质上是对公共利益维护和分配权的放弃。这种放弃将构成对国家所负作为义务的放弃，其后果是直接损害和侵犯了公共利益和个人利益。无论是对公共利益维护权的放弃还是对公共利益分配权的放弃，都会造成一定的危害后果，所以它是一种违法行为。
2.消极性
行政不作为的消极性在主观上表现为行政主体对其行政职权的放弃，在客观上表现为不履行或拖延履行所承担的行政义务。行政主体的行政职权来源于法律的授权，行政主体只能严格依照法律规定行使权利，履行义务；行政主体既不能放弃义务，也不能放弃权利，否则即意味着失职，意味着行政不作为。
3.隐蔽性
由于行政不作为表现为事实上没有积极明确做出，而是消极无为，因而具有一定的隐蔽性，危害后果难以明显呈现出来。一般情况下，只有行政不作为直接侵犯了相对人的合法权益，引起行政争议诉诸法院时，行政主体承担的法律后果才会确定下来。尤其是对侵害公共利益的行政不作为，隐蔽性更大，国家法律监督机关一般很难对此类不作为取证查处，只有到了出现严重后果，构成犯罪的时候才由司法机关给予惩罚性的制裁。
4.危害性
行政不作为在客观上具有一定的隐蔽性，其危害性与行政作为的危害性相比有过之而无不及。从某种意义上说，行政不作为就是失职、渎职，造成政府职能错位，人为地削弱了行政职权的效力，损害了法律的严肃性和政府形象，侵害公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，损害社会公共利益。
二、行政不作为行为的危害
（一）行政不作为行为是行政腐败的重要表现。
行政不作为与滥施权力、乱作为不同，滥施权力者是利用权力做出超出合法权限或不依法定程序的事，以权谋私，贪污受贿。而行政不作为则是不做或少做权限内该做的事，该为而不为法定职责，严重阻塞国家法令的畅通，使国家本应发挥重大作用的法律法令削弱、收缩，使行政相对人乃至社会公共利益得不到应有的维护。从这些方面不难看出，行政不作为是行政上的另一种腐败行为。
（二）造成政府职能错位，不利于依法行政
在现代，政府本应承担起为市场、企业提供服务、信息，协调社会秩序的角色。如果行政不作为行为大量存在，政府就背离了公共权力机构的这一职能，另一方面政府经常越俎代庖，直接介入市场交易关系，对市场进行指挥而不是指导，该管的不管、不作为；不该管的乱管、乱作为；常导致市场失灵，导致政府行为缺位。。
（三）直接损害公众利益
行政不作为行为也是对行政相对人的侵权行为。国家行政机关及其工作人员，通常是以作为和明示的方式实现国家的行政管理职能，这种管理职能是法律赋予的必须履行的硬性规定。但如果国家行政机关及其工作人员以不作为的方式不履行或拖延履行应当履行的法定职能，就会导致行政相对人合法权益受到侵害。
三、遏制行政不作为行为的对策
行政不作为的危害隐蔽、潜在，容易使人们忽视其违法性，得不到及时有力的查处。要从根本上解决行政不作为问题，必须在有关执法体制改革和司法审查制度改革方面寻求对策。
（一）在立法上加强对行政不作为的惩治力度
在制定行政法律法规时，增加对行政不作为的处罚条款，明确规定行政机关及有关行政执法人员不作为的法律后果。在制定和修改有关公务员制度的法律法规时，将公务员勤政或懒政与嘉奖和惩处的规定进一步明确和落实。
（二）在行政机关内部机构设置方面加强自身对行政不作为的监督
加强行政机关内部执法机构的建设，强化执法责任制，改革互相推诿、职责不明的管理体制；强化各部门内部对执法人员失职、渎职的监督和查处力度，杜绝敷衍了事、无所事事的现象。
（三）在加强行政部门内部监督的同时，进一步改革和加强司法审查和监督的力度。一是放宽对行政不作为的受理条件，扩大对行政不作为的受案范围。二是改革和完善司法审查制度。在修改《行政诉讼法》时，考虑引入简易程序，对于行政不作为案件，缩短审查期限，以充分保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益。
（四）保证行政主管部门的管理与监督不缺位，建立行政不作为追查制度
它是监督行政不作为的捷径所在，让行政违法违纪案件都有追查结果，避免不了了之。
（五）引入赔偿机制。行政不作为一旦构成，并侵犯了相对人的合法权益，造成相对人的损害，相对人就可以对作出具体 行政行为的行政机关提出行政复议或行政诉讼，要求赔偿损失。
四、行政不作为之救济途径
行政不作为具有多种表现形式，对于不同的行政不作为，要采取不同的救济方式，具体有以下几种：
1．确认违法。这种救济方式适用于行政主体及行政公务人员所负有的作为义务已无履行的必要或可能的情形。当作为义务的履行已失去其实现的具体环境而使义务的履行成为不必要或不可能时，再责令履行义务就会失去意义，甚至会因此而给相对人带来更大的损失。所以，这时只能确认行政不作为违法，对相对人合法权益造成损害的，要给予赔偿，对有关部门及直接责任人要依法追究法律责任。
2．责令履行。是指经有关国家机关审查，在认定行政主体及行政公务人员未履行法定作为义务但还有履行的可能和必要时，责令其在一定期限内履行该义务的救济方式。它的选用须符合两个条件：首先，行政不作为已成既成的事实；其次，该作为义务有履行的可能和必要。
3．责令赔偿。行政不作为虽然是种违反法律规定的行政执法活动，但并不一定会必然导致赔偿责任的承担，除去行政不作为客观存在之外，责令赔偿的适用，还须符合下列三个条件：第一，必须是给行政相对人造成了实际的损害，这种损害是客观存在的，而非假想的，是直接的而非间接的；第二，行政不作为与行政相对人的损害之间有因果关系，有学者指出，“只要行政主体的法定作为义务是为了保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益而设置的，而行政主体没有积极实施法定义务造成了公民、法人和其他组织的损害，两者之间就存在因果关系。”笔者表示赞同；第三，行政相对人的损害无法通过其他途径得到赔偿。如果已经得到赔偿的，国家就不再承担赔偿义务了。

[参考文献]：
[1]周莹. 略论行政不作为的违法性 [J].政法论丛，2002,(3).
国家外管局


违反外汇管理处罚施行细则(附英文)

（一九八五年三月二十五日国务院批准）

第一条 为贯彻执行《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》第三十一条、第三十三条的规定，特制定本细则。
第二条 下列行为，都属于套汇：
一、除经国家外汇管理局及其分局（以下简称管汇机关）批准或者国家另有规定者外，以人民币偿付应当以外汇支付的进口货款或者其他款项的；
二、境内机构以人民币为驻外机构、外国驻华机构、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业、短期入境个人支付其在国内的各种费用，由对方付给外汇，没有卖给国家的；
三、驻外机构使用其在中国境内的人民币为他人支付各种费用，由对方付给外汇的；
四、外国驻华机构、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业及其人员，以人民币为他人支付各种费用，而由他人以外汇或者其他相类似的形式偿还的；
五、未经管汇机关批准，派往外国或者港澳等地区的代表团、工作组及其人员，将出国经费或者从事各项业务活动所得购买物品或者移作他用，以人民币偿还的；
六、境内机构以出口收入或者其他收入的外汇抵偿进口物品费用或其他支出的。
第三条 对套汇者区别情况作如下处罚：
一、套入方所得外汇尚未使用的，责令其限期调回，强制收兑；套入方所得外汇已被使用，责令其补交等值的外汇，强制收兑，或者扣减相应的外汇额度；套入方所得外汇已被使用而无外汇归还的，补交所购物品的国内外差价；以上并可另按套汇金额处以10％至30％的罚款。
二、对套出外汇方，根据情节轻重，按套汇金额处以10％至30％的罚款。
第四条 下列行为，都属于逃汇：
一、未经管汇机关批准，境内机构将收入的外汇私自保存、使用、存放境外的；
违反《对侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资企业外汇管理施行细则》的规定，将收入的外汇存放境外的；
二、境内机构、侨资企业、外资企业、中外合资经营企业以低报出口货价、佣金等手段少报外汇收入，或者以高报进口货价、费用、佣金等手段多报外汇支出，将隐匿的外汇私自保存或者存放境外的；
三、驻外机构以及在境外设立的中外合资经营企业的中方投资者，不按国家规定将应当调回的利润留在当地营运或者移作他用的；
四、除经管汇机关批准，派往外国或者港澳等地区的代表团、工作组及其人员不按各该专项计划使用外汇，将出国经费或者从事各项业务活动所得外汇存放境外或者移作他用的。
第五条 对逃汇者区别情况作如下处罚：
一、逃汇所得外汇尚未使用的，责令违法者或者其主管部门限期调回，强制收兑，或者没收全部或者部分外汇，并可另按逃汇金额处以10％至50％的罚款；
二、逃汇所得外汇已被使用的，责令其补交等值的外汇，强制收兑或者予以没收，并可另按逃汇金额处以10％至50％的罚款；
三、逃汇所得动汇已被使用而无外汇归还的，按逃汇金额处以30％以上、等值以下的罚款，或者没收非法所得，或者罚、没并处。
第六条 下列行为，都属于扰乱金融：
一、未经国家外汇管理局批准经营外汇业务，或者超越批准经营范围扩大外汇业务的；
二、未经国务院或者国务院授权机关批准，境内机构在国内外发行具有外汇价值的有价证券，接受外国或者港澳等地区的银行、企业贷款的；
三、除经管汇机关批准，境内机构以外汇计价结算、借贷、转让、质押，或者以外币流通、使用的；
四、私自买卖外汇、变相买卖外汇，或者超过国家外汇管理局规定价格买卖外汇，以及倒买倒卖外汇的。
第七条 对犯有前条违法行为者区别情况作如下处罚：
一、对犯有第一项违法行为者，分别责令其停止经营外汇业务、停止超越批准经营范围的外汇业务，或者没收非法所得，或者处以非法经营额等值以下的罚款，或者罚、没并处；
二、对犯有第二项违法行为者，不准其发行新的债券或者接受新的贷款，并可按其债券或者贷款金额处以20％以下罚款；
三、对犯有第三、四项违法行为者，强制收兑违法外汇，没收非法所得，或者处以违法外汇等值以下的罚款，或者罚、没并处。
第八条 对第二、四、六条未作具体规定的其他违反外汇管理的违法行为，可以区别情况，参照本细则最相类似的条款处理。
第九条 违反外汇管理，情节轻微，或者主动向管汇机关坦白交待违法事实、真诚悔改、检举立功的，可以从宽处理直至免予处罚；抗拒检查、掩盖违法事实、屡教不改的，按照本细则第三、五、七条的规定从重处罚。
第十条 套汇、逃汇、扰乱金融，情节严重的案件，应当移送司法机关依法处理。
第十一条 管汇机关查处违反外汇管理案件，为了防止违法单位转移资金，可以通知银行冻结其违法款项，冻结时间不超过两个月，届期自动解冻。遇有特殊情况需要适当延长冻结时间的，管汇机关应当重新办理通知手续。对于拒不缴付罚没款项的违法单位，管汇机关可以从其开户银
行帐户中强制扣款。
第十二条 管汇机关处理违反外汇管理案件，应当制发处罚决定书，通知被查处的单位或者个人。当事人对管汇机关的处罚决定不服，可以在接到处罚决定书之日起的十五日内，向上一级管汇机关申请复议；当事人不服复议决定的，可以向当地人民法院起诉。
第十三条 违反外汇管理的案件，由管汇机关处理；通过货物、行李物品、邮递物品、运输工具进出国境，从而具有走私性质的套汇、逃汇案件，由海关处理；利用外汇、外币票证进行投机倒把的案件，由工商行政管理机关处理。
第十四条 经济特区违反外汇管理处罚办法，由广东省、福建省人民政府参照本细则另行制定。
第十五条 本细则由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十六条 本细则自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

IMPLEMENTING RULES ON PUNISHMENT OF VIOLATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGECONTROL

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
IMPLEMENTING RULES ON PUNISHMENT OF VIOLATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE
CONTROL
(Approved by the State Council on March 5, 1985, promulgated by
the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control on April 5, 1985)
Article 1
These Rules are formulated for the implementation of Articles 31 and 33 of
the Interim Regulations for Foreign Exchange Control of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 2
The following acts shall be regarded as unlawful procurement of foreign
exchange:
1) paying in Renminbi for imports or other items that ought to be paid in
foreign exchange, unless otherwise approved by the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange Control or its branch offices
(hereinafter referred to as foreign exchange control agencies), or
stipulated by the State;
2) paying in Renminbi by organizations within territory to defray the
expenses in China for organizations stationed abroad, foreign
organizations stationed in China, enterprises with overseas Chinese
capital, foreign-capital enterprises, Chinese-foreign equity joint
ventures, and individuals coming to China for a short stay, in return for
reimbursement in foreign exchange which is not sold to the State;
3) paying in Renminbi by organizations stationed abroad to defray expenses
with their own Renminbi in China for others in return for reimbursement in
foreign exchange;
4) paying in Renminbi by foreign organizations stationed in China,
enterprises with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises,
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures and the personnel thereof to defray
expenses for others in return for reimbursement in foreign exchange or in
other forms of a similar nature;
5) making repayments without approval of foreign exchange control agencies
in Renminbi by delegations, working groups or members thereof sent abroad
or to Hong Kong, Macao and other regions, who put to other uses or spend
on purchase of goods the foreign exchange allocated for the mission or
that earned from their various kinds of business operations;
6) offsetting export proceeds or other foreign exchange earnings against
import costs or other expenditures by organizations within territory.
Article 3
Unlawful procurement of foreign exchange shall be penalized according to
different circumstances in the following ways:
1) If the foreign exchange unlawfully procured remains unused, the party
procuring the foreign exchange from others shall be ordered to repatriate
the foreign exchange within a prescribed time limit for a compulsory sale
to the State. If it has been used up, the party concerned must repay it
either by a compulsory sale to the State of an equal amount of foreign
exchange or by a deduction of the amount from the foreign exchange quota
allotted to the said party. In case the said party has no foreign exchange
to repay, the difference between the domestic and international market
prices of the goods purchased with the unlawfully procured exchange shall
be paid. In addition, a fine equivalent to 10-30% of the amount of the
foreign exchange unlawfully procured may be imposed.
2) The party procuring foreign exchange for others shall be fined a sum
equivalent to 10-30% of the amount of the foreign exchange illegally
procured in light of the seriousness of the case.
Article 4
The following acts shall be regarded as evasion of foreign exchange
control:
1) retaining, spending or depositing foreign exchange earnings abroad by
organizations within territory without prior approval of the exchange
control agencies; depositing foreign exchange earnings abroad in violation
of the Regulations for Foreign Exchange Control Relating to Enterprises
with Overseas Chinese Capital, Foreign-capital Enterprises and
Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures;
2) retaining or depositing abroad without authorization the foreign
exchange which is concealed by organizations within territory, enterprises
with overseas Chinese capital, foreign-capital enterprises and Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures and which is acquired through such means as
reporting less foreign exchange receipts by understating the export prices
or commissions, or reporting more foreign exchange expenditures by
overstating the import prices, expenses and commissions.
3) retaining for business operations abroad or putting to other uses the
profits that ought to be repatriated according to State provisions, by
organizations stationed abroad or by Chinese joint venturers in Chinese-
foreign equity joint ventures established abroad;
4) failing to use the foreign exchange allocated for the mission or earned
from various kinds of business operations according to plans and
depositing it abroad or putting it to other uses, without otherwise
approval of the foreign exchange control agencies, by delegations or
working groups and the members thereof sent abroad or to Hong Kong, Macao
and other regions.
Article 5
Evasion of foreign exchange control shall be penalized according to
different circumstances in the following ways:
1) if the foreign exchange acquired through evasion still remains unused,
the evader or the involved competent department shall be ordered to
repatriate it within a prescribed time limit for compulsory sale to the
State; or the full amount of foreign exchange or part thereof shall be
confiscated. In addition, a fine equivalent to 10-50% of the amount of the
foreign exchange evaded may be imposed;
2) if the foreign exchange acquired through evasion has been used up, the
evader shall be ordered to repay an equal amount of foreign exchange which
shall be sold to the State or confiscated. In addition, a fine equivalent
to 10-50% of the amount of the foreign exchange evaded may be imposed;
3) if the evader has no foreign exchange to repay, a fine equivalent to no
less than 30% of but no more than the full amount of the foreign exchange
acquired through evasion shall be imposed, or the illegal gains therefrom
shall be confiscated, or the fine and confiscation shall be imposed
concurrently.
Article 6
The following acts shall be regarded as disrupting financial stability:
1) engaging in foreign exchange business without prior approval of the
State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control or on a scale beyond the
approved business scope;
2) issuing securities denominated in foreign currencies in China or
abroad, or accepting loans offered by banks or enterprises in foreign
countries or in Hong Kong, Macao and other regions by organizations within
territory without prior approval of the State Council or the departments
authorized by the State Council;
3) using foreign currency by organizations within territory, without
otherwise approval of the foreign exchange control agencies, as the
monetary unit in settling accounts, borrowing or lending, making transfers
or obtaining mortgages, or as a medium of exchange in business
transactions;
4) buying and selling foreign exchange without authorization or in any
disguised form, or at rates above those set by the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange Control, or profiteering in buying and selling foreign
exchange.
Article 7
The following penalties shall be imposed on the offenders involved in the
cases listed in the preceding Article according to different
circumstances:
1) For cases' referred to in paragraph (1), the offenders shall be ordered
to cease their foreign exchange business or operations that exceed the
approved scope, or their unlawful earnings shall be confiscated or a fine
up to but no more than the full amount of the illegal operating fund shall
be imposed, or the fine and confiscation shall be imposed concurrently.
2) For cases referred to in paragraph (2), the offenders shall be ordered
not to issue new securities or not to accept new loans, and may also be
fined a sum up to but no more than 20% of the securities issued or loans
accepted.
3) For cases referred to in paragraphs (3) and (4), the offenders shall be
ordered to sell their unlawfully transacted foreign exchange to the State
and their illegal gains shall be confiscated, or a fine up to but no more
than the full amount of the foreign exchange illegally transacted shall be
imposed, or the fine and confiscation shall be imposed concurrently.
Article 8
For other acts in violation of foreign exchange control not specifically
listed in Articles 2, 4 and 6, penalties may be meted out according to the
seriousness of the case with reference to the most relevant provisions
provided in these Rules.
Article 9
In cases of minor offences, the offenders who voluntarily confess to their
unlawful activities before the foreign exchange control agencies, show
sincere repentance and demonstrate meritorious conduct by informing
against other offenders shall be dealt with leniently or exempt from
punishment. Offenders who refuse to confess, try to cover up their
offences or refuse to mend their ways despite repeated admonition shall be
punished severely in accordance with Articles 3, 5 and 7 of these Rules.
Article 10
Serious cases of unlawful procurement of foreign exchange, evasion of
foreign exchange control or disrupting financial stability shall be
transferred to judicial organs for handling according to law.
Article 11
To prevent violators from transferring their unlawfully acquired funds
when violations of foreign exchange control are under investigation, the
foreign exchange control agencies may ask the banks to freeze the funds in
question for a period of no more than two months. Upon expiry, the funds
shall be unfrozen automatically. If an extension of the period is
necessary under special circumstances, the relevant foreign exchange
control agency shall renew the notification to the bank concerned. In case
a violator refuses to pay the fine or the sum to be confiscated, the
relevant foreign exchange control agency may enforce the penalty by
deducting the sum from the violator's bank account.
Article 12
In cases where the foreign exchange control agencies impose penalties,
notices of penalty decision shall be served to the units or individuals
being penalized. If the party concerned does not agree with the penalty
decision, it(he) may appeal to the foreign exchange control agency at the
next higher level for reconsideration within 15 days as of the date of
receipt of the notice. If the party concerned still does not agree with
the decision of reconsideration, it(he) may bring a suit in the local
people's court.
Article 13
Cases involving violation of foreign exchange control regulations shall be
handled by the foreign exchange control agencies; cases involving unlawful
procurement of foreign exchange and evasion of foreign exchange control
that are of the nature of smuggling by means of illegally getting the
goods into or out of the country as part of luggage and personal effects,
by post or other means of transport, shall be handled by the Customs; and
cases involving the use of foreign exchange or payment instruments in
foreign currency for speculation and profiteering shall be handled by the
administrative departments for industry and commerce.
Article 14
Measures for penalizing violations of foreign exchange control in the
special economic zones shall be separately formulated by the Governments
of Guangdong and Fujian Provinces by taking reference to these Rules.
Article 15
The State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control shall be responsible
for interpreting these Rules.
Article 16
These Rules shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.